Lack of thermoelectric effect is cool feature in carbon nanotubes

1/14/2009 James E. Kloeppel, U of I News Bureau

Metallic carbon nanotubes have been proposed as interconnects in future electronic devices packed with high-density nanoscale circuits. But can they stand up to the heat?

Written by James E. Kloeppel, U of I News Bureau

ECE Professor Jean-Pierre Leburton, left, and physics graduate student Marcelo Kuroda collaborated on experiments that explain the absence of the thermoelectric effect in metallic carbon nanotubes. Photo by L. Brian Stauffer.
ECE Professor Jean-Pierre Leburton, left, and physics graduate student Marcelo Kuroda collaborated on experiments that explain the absence of the thermoelectric effect in metallic carbon nanotubes. Photo by L. Brian Stauffer.

Metallic carbon nanotubes have been proposed as interconnects in future electronic devices packed with high-density nanoscale circuits.

But can they stand up to the heat?

Recent experiments have shown the absence of the thermoelectric effect in metallic carbon nanotubes. Building upon earlier theoretical work, researchers at the University of Illinois say they can explain this peculiar behavior, and put it to good use.

“Our work shows that carbon nanotubes that come in metallic form have different thermal and electrical properties than normal conductors,” said ECE Professor Jean-Pierre Leburton, a co-author of a paper published in the December 19 issue of the journal Physical Review Letters, and in the January 5 issue of the Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology.

“Specifically, metallic carbon nanotubes don’t exhibit the thermoelectric effect, which is a fundamental property of conductors by which a current flows because of a temperature difference between two points of contact,” said Leburton, who is the Gregory Stillman Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Illinois and who is also affiliated with the Beckman Institute, the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, and the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory. “This is a metal, which doesn’t behave like an ordinary metal.”

In a normal conductor, a current can be induced by applying a potential difference (voltage) or by creating a temperature difference between two contacts. Electrons will flow from the higher voltage to the lower, and from the higher temperature to the lower. There is a similarity between temperature imbalance and electric field.

In metallic carbon nanotubes, however, the lack of the thermoelectric effect means no current will flow because of temperature change between two contacts. The similarity between temperature imbalance and voltage disappears.

This is a fundamental property of metallic carbon nanotubes, Leburton said, peculiar to their particular structure. Semiconductor nanotubes, which possess a different chirality, behave differently.

Also, in normal conductors, electrons can acquire a range of velocities, with some traveling much faster than others. In metallic carbon nanotubes, however, all electrons travel at the same velocity, similar to the behavior of photons. Heating the nanotube does not change the electron velocity.

“This means metallic carbon nanotubes offer less resistance than other metal conductors,” Leburton said. “And, in high-density circuits, metallic carbon nanotube interconnects would reduce heat losses and require far less cooling than copper nanowires.”

With Leburton, physics graduate student Marcelo Kuroda is co-author of the paper. The current work is an extension of theoretical work Leburton, Kuroda and ECE Professor Andreas Cangellaris first published in the December 21, 2005, issue of Physical Review Letters.


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This story was published January 14, 2009.